April, 25 is Orthodox Easter, the Julian calendar’s date for Easter, a public holiday in Ukraine – do not forget to send Easter greetings to your Ukrainian boyfriend! In Ukrainian, Easter is called Velykden (The Great Day). In Ukraine Easter has been celebrated over a long period of history and has had many rich folk traditions that are no longer fully preserved.
The last Sunday before Easter (Palm Sunday) is called Willow Sunday (Verbna nedilia). On this day pussy-willow branches are blessed in the church. The people tap one another with these branches, repeating the wish: “Be as tall as the willow, as healthy as the water, and as rich as the earth.” They also use the branches to drive the cattle to pasture for the first time, and then the father or eldest son thrusts his branch into the earth for luck.
The cutting of pussy-willow branches was not originally a Christian substitute for palm branches. Since pagan times, the pussy-willow’s bloom was seen as a signpost for spring and was thought to have healthful qualities if ingested. Pagan Ukrainians would cut the branches and swat one another with them to bless each other with the pussy-willow’s strength to come out of winter so early in the year. When Palm Sunday began to be celebrated, the two practices merged into one.
The week before Easter is called the Pure Week. During this time an effort is made to finish all field work before Thursday, since from Thursday on work is forbidden. On the evening of Pure Thursday, the passion service is performed, after which the people return home with lighted candles.
On Passion Friday (Good Friday) no work is done. In some localities, the Holy Shroud is carried solemnly three times around the church and, after appropriate services, laid out for public veneration.
Easter is a feast of joy and gladness that unites the entire community in common celebration. For three days the community celebrates to the sound of bells and to the singing of spring songs (vesnianky).
Easter begins with the Easter matins and high liturgy, during which the traditional Easter breads and decorated or colored Easter eggs are blessed in the church. Butter, lard, cheese, roast suckling pigs, sausage, smoked meat, and little napkins containing poppy seeds, millet, salt, pepper, and horseradish are also blessed. After the matins all the people in the congregation exchange Easter greetings, give each other colored Easter eggs, and then hurry home with their baskets of blessed food.
In Eastern Ukraine people go home, place the blessed food on the table, and the oldest member of the family opens the cloths in which the food is wrapped, slices pieces from each item, and distributes them to members of the family along with a piece of unleavened bread that has also been blessed.
In Western Ukraine the people first walk around the house three times, go to the stable, extend Easter greetings to the cattle, touch them with the blessed food, scatter pieces of Easter bread and salt in the manger, and send holiday greetings to the bees. Only then do they enter the house, ceremoniously open the bundle over the heads of the children, and sit down to the table to break their fast. The girls perform special choral dances on the church grounds. These are the hahilky, which have retained a number of motifs that are older than those of the ordinary spring songs (vesnianky). They have a greater amount of ritual in them and contain elements of the round dance, of mimicry, and of choral composition.
Easter bread, pussy-willows, and pysanky mark Ukrainian Easter
Ukraine’s practice of coloring eggs made the pysanky tradition a famous Easter tradition the world over. But Easter in Ukraine is surrounded by many more customs, rituals, and traditions that meld Christian and pagan practices together.
The specially-baked Easter bread, called paska, has great symbolic significance in Ukraine. The baker of the bread must keep her thoughts pure and the household must remain quiet for the bread to retain its fluffy texture while in the oven. It is customary to keep the baking of the paska a strictly family affair; neighbors or strangers are not permitted to enter the house while the paska is being prepared. In ancient times, the man of the house would stand guard at the door while the paska loaf was being made to prevent any intruders from casting the “evil eye” onto the bread and thus threatening the family’s prosperity for the coming year.
The paska bread, sometimes shown as having been baked in saucepans so that the shape is somewhat tall and cylindrical, is decorated with symbols welcoming springtime. While Christian symbols, like crosses, may decorate the paska loaf, many symbols are of pagan origins. Flowers, leaves, birds, and sun symbols are often formed out of dough and baked into the golden-brown crust of this Easter bread.
In some cases, three paska loaves may be baked at different times during the Easter season. The first one honors nature, the second the dead, and the third those on earth. These are not eaten until Easter Sunday, when the Easter feast is laid on the table and consumed by the family.
Pagan springtime rituals were already well established by the time Apostolic Prince Volodymer The Great turned Kievan Rus into a Christian state. Pagan Ukrainians had been welcoming spring with dancing, fires, painted eggs, and other rituals for centuries. Some of these annual practices were absorbed into Christian Easter rites. These rites are closely related to agriculture and to the remembrance of the dead.
During the Easter season in Ukraine the cult of the dead is observed. The dead are remembered on Maundy Thursday and also during the whole week after Easter, especially on the first Sunday following Easter Sunday. For the commemoration of the dead the people gather in the cemetery by the church, bringing with them a dish containing some food and liquor or wine, which they consume, leaving the rest at the graves.
Unfortunately not many of these traditions are observed today in Ukraine, and only some, having lost their full meaning, are kept in the country-side as symbolic rituals.





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